ceph slow read performance simultaneously reports no ops over about 21 seconds in … ceph slow performance #3619 Closed majian159 opened this issue on Aug 13, 2019 · 9 comments majian159 commented on Aug 13, 2019 Member majian159 closed this as completed on Aug 16, 2019 masantiago mentioned this issue on Aug 16, 2019 Very low performance of PVs with CephFS CSI driver #3315 Sign up for free to join this … librbd plugin named persistent write log cache to reduce latency. Once per day and once per week are likely fine. 0; Vitastor: 0. The QPS doubled as the number of threads doubled, and latency stayed below 5 ms until the thread number exceeded the container CPU number. Object prefix: … 1 day ago · By using this combined approach, you get the benefits of hosting WordPress images externally while also still ensuring fast performance thanks to the built-in CDN. When using hard drive encryption (on the workstation), significantly reduced Revit Server performance is experienced. ceph osd require-osd-release octopus. 7% performance improvement in 1% lows at 1080P ultra and 1440P ultra respectively. Here is the Setup: https://i. As detailed in the first post the Ceph cluster was built using a single OSD (Object Storage Device) configured per HDD, having a total of 112 OSDs per Ceph … The Ceph File System client can now track average read, write, and metadata latencies Previously, the Ceph File System client would track only the cumulative read, write, and metadata latencies. hints = 1. I tried measuring. 05-0. For maximum performance, use SSDs for the cache pool and host the pool on servers with lower latency. With ceph, latency matters. Step 2: Enable image offloading. This cache uses a log-ordered write-back design which … Ceph* is a widely used distributed-storage solution. Due to the way that Ceph implements PG splitting behavior, having a power-of-2 number of PGs (especially at low PG counts!) may improve how evenly data is distributed across OSDs. Whether you need a new bike or the bike you have needs a new part or repair, … Table 1, visualized in Figs. said its fiscal 2023 is off to a slow start as financial challenges weigh on its customers, but a recovery is forecast for later in the year. The … #ceph Re: Unexpected slow read for HDD cluster (good write speed) https://spinics. 1. You can modify the interval and the hours that control the scrub action. Drag the on-screen slider to the right . 63MB/s) is huge, and even the RND4K Q1 T1 directly becomes a mechanical hard disk One or more OSDs and one or more machines have little impact on ceph (it may be that my number of clusters is not … ceph slow performance #3619. 7 and 8, summarizes the write performance for various erasure coding layouts and object sizes measured with space usage under 10%. I have tried changing the readahead on the kernel client cephfs mount too, rsize and rasize. > > When I migrated from XFS on iSCSI (legacy system, no Ceph) to CephFS a > few months ago, I used msrsync [1] and was quite happy with the speed. Follow instructions of thread to create a static PV using the same ceph file system. currently there is Ceph 12. #TheNetCraftsmenWay . Debugging and troubleshooting performance issues is an important part of developing . The initial single release brought the Go-Go's underground … ISBN. Use cache tiering to boost the performance of your cluster by automatically migrating data between hot and cold tiers based on demand. #3619. There is more overhead to add MySQL clients since Ceph is not fully utilized at . Get current configuration by running the following command on an OSD node: Download Citation | ASSESSMENT OF SLOW RELEASE ORGANIC FERTILISER IN OIL PALM SEEDLING GROWTH | Oil palm waste (mill effluent and empty fruit bunches) utilisation has become the main alternative . Ran above ping test from one node to another. A new NVM emulation mechanism that is not only light-weight but also aware of a read/write latency gap in NVM-based main memory is proposed and implemented for the Intel CPU processors of the Haswell architecture. The name of the Ceph client user used by NFS Ganesha. The ProCarbon features a 7-ply extra light blade with S5 rubber and 2mm sponge. There may be numerous reasons behind Steam running slow issue. We are using Ubuntu 20. records whereas RBD does well while creating a table. g. I mount the stuff with rbd from the backup server. The sequential read/write operations of … Performance results get better if the entire volume is filled with zeros (thus, the disk space gets preallocated) and reaches half the performance of a “raw” disk. CRUSH supports weighting for different sized drives (e. Compute statistics in both mounted points. Maintaining 16 concurrent writes of 4194304 bytes to objects of size 4194304 for up to 10 seconds or 0 objects. 2. Servers used are old compute nodes that have been repurposed: 4x Xeon 5160 with 16Gb RAM in each node, with 1G bonded network interfaces, and 10G Infiniband for the cluster … [prev in list] [next in list] [prev in thread] [next in thread] List: ceph-users Subject: [ceph-users] Unexpected slow read for HDD cluster (good write speed) From: . Ceph can operate with heterogeneous systems. For maximum performance, use SSDs for … Ceph SQL Performance and where to place SSDs We are experimenting with CephFS as VM storage and are having trouble with SQL performance. while creating a table (time includes wait time as well). Prerequisites. 6. i test the ceph very slow not sure why. This performance-level table tennis racket features ITTF approved rubber for tournament play with performance ratings of Speed: 99, Spin: 100, and Control: 80. > For your use case, I would start with -p 12 but might experiment with up > to -p 24 (as you only have 6C/12T in your CPU). We have tested a variety of configurations, object sizes, and client worker counts in order to maximize the throughput of a seven node Ceph cluster for small and large object workloads. Fiori Launchpad, F5 load balancer, performance, slow, Fiori, network, VPN , KBA , CA-FLP-ABA , SAP Fiori Launchpad ABAP Services , Problem About this page This is a preview of a SAP Knowledge Base Article. Distributed system like ceph often benefits from > > more parallelism. This is a brand new server, I can't imagine that it is . 0-060-56610-8. The company reported 74 cents earnings per share last quarter, even with its EPS the same quarter a year earlier. root@ceph2:~# rados -p test bench 10 write --no-cleanup. 0 (now in 6. After seeing the above options, you may be wondering, What approach should I take to monitoring Ceph? Here’s an easy framework to think about it: How to Fix Steam is Slow in Windows 10#. This was the maximum aggregated throughput observed on this cluster after which media (HDD) saturation was … SO I'm having a heck of a time with my new Exchange 2016 server. This was deployed with Ceph-Ansible. This section contains information about fixing the most common errors related to the Ceph Placement Groups (PGs). we have to use LVMThin or ZFS since they support COW and can take snapshots without any impact on performance. But you need to set osd_scrub_begin_hour and osd_scrub_end_hour to restrict the scrubbing to off hours. Add the following exceptions in the Antivirus configuration: ESTmep. 9 and 10, summarizes the read performance for various erasure coding layouts, object sizes and read blocksizes measured with space usage … [prev in list] [next in list] [prev in thread] [next in thread] List: ceph-users Subject: [ceph-users] Unexpected slow read for HDD cluster (good write speed) From: . Records. Ceph provides powerful storage infrastructure, and with a little extra work you can ensure that it’s running properly and with high performance. 43MB/s) and the write performance of physical disk (1262. Updating table statistics was not helpful to improve the query performance. My problem; with rbd benchmark i get 190MB/sec write, but only 45MB/sec read speed. Select . Previously, we were using the 3 x Optane drives for their own dedicated pool for VMs. I ran into this because for … From the above numbers, CephFS seems to fare very well while creating. And doing this on a single CEPH cluster before deploying another CEPH cluster for the next 150-200k IOPS. Table 2, visualized in Figs. Limit the number of devices on the network: Too many devices using the same network can cause congestion and increase latency, so limit the number of devices you have connected to the network. Disk Clean-up ( cleanmgr. In this case, the MySQL servers averaged 70%-80% CPU utilization and Ceph storage node CPU utilization ramped up from 7% (1 client) to 64% (10 clients). It is a standard deployment that we are used to. 9 and 10, summarizes the read performance for various erasure coding layouts, object sizes and read blocksizes measured with space usage … If a Ceph recovery / backfilling takes place due to a node or volume failure, you may want it to recover at maximum speed. @eckes For more information about Ceph performance, you should read accelazh. It outlines the results of a six-year research project exploring what leads to enduringly great companies. You can use open cas, … Ceph Backend Storage A proof-of-concept was constructed out of eight disk servers each with the following specifications: Dual Intel Xeon Silver 4216 CPUs and 192 GiB RAM; Mellanox ConnectX-5 network interface supporting 100Gb/s Ethernet; 60x 14 TB enterprise SATA HDDs connected via a single SAS3616 host bus adapter; 1 \times 1 TB … Of note is that all three of Ceph's async msgr threads were running at 100% CPU during the random read test. We suspect that we are missing some small tuning detail, which is affecting the read performance only, but so far we could not pinpoint it. As for OLTP write, QPS stopped scale out beyond eight threads; after that, latency increased dramatically. 7 (rook v1. bond0 are 2 x 10 GB Intel T copper card Mod Balance-tlb. Looking at the qemu-kvm process with (uwpmp) while the tests were running showed a fairly wide array of work being done with no obvious areas for quick optimization on the librbd side. -based apparel . It allows you to reduce the number of requests made to the data source by aggregating multiple . Performance as … Even though the disk itself is rather fast, if one has a slow network (long latency) data can not be written/read from other ceph nodes. SUSE Enterprise Storage 5. io/ceph/Ceph-Performance-Tuning-Checklist and pve … If impacting ceph performance is not a concern, the following could be done: Configure *osd max scrubs* and *osd scrub load threshold* to do more scrubbing work, but be careful as it will have a huge impact on performance. When creating your RBD’s in the Ceph dashboard, click advanced and change the default Object size from 4MB to 1MB. I tried to tweak it by adjusting the block size. At least you'll have the 355-hp 3. com. Porras . 2); Mayastor: 1. Our current setup is all HDD spread across 13 storage nodes w/ 24 drives (288 total) and 3 mon/mds/mgr nodes. We first report the baseline sequential performance of this hardware. A slowly changing dimension (SCD) in data management and data warehousing is a dimension which contains relatively static data which can change slowly but unpredictably, rather than according to a regular schedule. We have 9 nodes, … When using Design Line to fill-in 3D items in Fabrication ESTmep, the performances are slower than expected. Read millions of eBooks and audiobooks on the web, iPad, iPhone and Android. 12 (kernel 5. The fill-in process takes several minutes to be completed. This provides a quick at-a-glance view of the overall block workloads’ IOPS, throughput, and average latency. … If a Ceph recovery / backfilling takes place due to a node or volume failure, you may want it to recover at maximum speed. In this video I discuss what is the TCP Slow Start and its effect on performance of backend applications, proxies and even frontend applications. Here's how you can speed up ceph random read and write on spinning drive I wanted to share with this great sub this post and video on speeding up random read and write with slow 7200 rpm. 0. 0. By default the rados bench command will delete the objects it has written to the storage … Just watched it live out my front door from Citrus County - saw the rocket ascend until it went out of view behind the cloud cover Ceph demonstrated excellent thread scale-out ability on OLTP read performance on the AFA RA. So, per CEPH cluster, I am looking at 150-200k iSCSI IOPS, small to medium IO size (8k to 64k), 50/50 read/write ratios (leaning a bit more on the write side), mixed random/sequential workloads, with an expected max latency of 3ms. Follow instructions of Test CephFS CSI driver to create a storage class, pvc and pod using such pvc. Some of them are listed below. from /etc/os-release): VM created by vagrant with Ubuntu … The performance of application was slow after upgrading SAP ERP application. Ceph includes the rados bench command to do performance benchmarking on a RADOS storage cluster. Upgrade your hardware: Upgrading your computer's hardware, such as your RAM or CPU, can improve overall performance and reduce … Table 1, visualized in Figs. 0-27 . We have been running ProxmoxVE since 5. " A VM can access a Ceph RBD via its network. db cache (in our experience). Step 3: Optimize your images for better performance. Disk maintenance application. html… 20 Mar 2023 15:55:10 We have a ceph cluster of four nodes, 48GB of memory on each, and Debian 9. I increased the timeout values and I can log in but performance is extremely slow. ceph_conf. The Ceph File System client can now track average read, write, and metadata latencies Previously, the Ceph File System client would track only the cumulative read, write, and metadata latencies. When applications are slow or unresponsive, it can be challenging to identify the root cause of… We have tested a variety of configurations, object sizes, and client worker counts in order to maximize the throughput of a seven node Ceph cluster for small and large object workloads. Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies is a book written by Jim Collins and Jerry I. Restarting the iPhone X, 11, 12, 13 and 14. Press and hold one of the volume buttons (either one) and the side button until the power-off slider appears. Check leaf density in the table_c_pk index. ITM Note: To add the … 22 hours ago · Citi Trends Inc. With a price of $66,995, we hope you're really into the Batman, err, Acura's gothic looks, as it's the most expensive TLX up to date. We used the pgstatindex function from the pgstattuple extension to detect index bloat. 12. ceph . When deploying with DeepSea, it is not necessary to change this value. It also displays the top 10 images that are using the highest IOPS and … Ceph includes the rados bench command to do performance benchmarking on a RADOS storage cluster. How to Fix Steam is Slow in Windows 10 Method 1: Run Steam as Administrator Method 2: Remove Background Processes Method 3: Change Steam Process Priority Method 4: Switch to High … librbd plugin named persistent write log cache to reduce latency. The swift-bench tool tests the performance of your Ceph cluster by … When running a performance test, the AJA System Test software uses a large read/write data to simulate a real-time working environment in a short period of time. 3GBps, similarly, the HTTP GET workload showed 16% higher read performance, topping ~6. conf file. With the number of operations required, … Any ideas to improve single threaded read performance further would be highly appreciated. The short version is that even while “ceph -w” is in the midst of. Each node has a single Intel Optane drive, along with 8 x 800GB standard SATA SSDs. 5GBps. The PV is mounted inside the same pod. exe) is a computer maintenance utility included in Microsoft Windows designed to free up disk space on a computer's hard drive. … Use cache tiering to boost the performance of your cluster by automatically migrating data between hot and cold tiers based on demand. Help diagnosing slow ops on a Ceph pool - (Used for Proxmox VM RBDs) I've setup a new 3-node Proxmox/Ceph cluster for testing. The performance of Ceph varies greatly in different configuration environments. An Antivirus software checks each item file being read by the ESTmep process. The following steps were taken to investigate the query's performance: Check for corruption in the table_c_pk index. This cache uses a log-ordered write-back design which … [prev in list] [next in list] [prev in thread] [next in thread] List: ceph-users Subject: [ceph-users] Unexpected slow read for HDD cluster (good write speed) From: . 5ms and random write latencies below 1ms, no matter what drives or network you … In order to read from ceph you need an answer from exactly one copy of the data. Initially it wouldn't let me log in at all. So write should be ~1/3 the speed of your reads, but in practice they are slower than that. , 1TB, 3TB, etc), and primary affinity (the likeliness an OSD would be used as a . 04 with Ceph Octopus. Ceph logging Slow performance Extremely slow performance or no IO Investigating PGs in a down state Large monitor databases Summary 18 Disaster Recovery 19 Operations … Sounds like you are looking for an accelerated caching option. Specialties: Pro Twin Performance and Baxter's Motorcycle Garage offers anything you need when it comes to your motorcycle. If not already enabled, this module … Distributed system like ceph often benefits from > > more parallelism. Interactions with Revit Server can lead to many read/write operations to the hard drive. Even though the disk itself is rather fast, if one has a slow network (long latency) data can not be written/read from other ceph nodes. seconds” messages, running “ceph daemon osd. So, why is my Chromebook so slow? It could be because you’re missing an important update, you have too many apps and extensions on your device, you don’t have enough storage space to work with or you currently have too many tabs open on your device. jpg I plan to implement a separate switch to separate public from cluster network. Some of our use cases requires that we need to read large files by a single thread. The - … In the first of this new series, read about a case where NetCraftsmen got the call to solve what seemed to be an "Impossible" IT Challenge: Slow Internet Streaming Performance. co/QdYkBYG/ceph. The command will execute a write test and two types of read tests. the syscalls of ceph-osd, ceph-mds and the mysqld while creating a table. "We Got the Beat" is a song by the American rock band the Go-Go's, written by the group's lead guitarist and keyboardist Charlotte Caffey. However, average read, write, … This section contains information about fixing the most common errors related to the Ceph Placement Groups (PGs). 9. name. With this release, the new librbd plugin named Persistent Write Log Cache (PWL) provides a persistent, fault-tolerant write-back cache targeted with SSD devices. Step 1: Install and activate the Optimole plugin. At larger PG counts this may not be as important. 5 currently only supports one cluster name, which is ceph by default. Verify your network connection. 07ms latency is ok. This cache uses a log-ordered write-back design which … Read What is TCP Slow Start and how Does it affect your Web Application Performance? by with a free trial. The first Ceph component where the RBD image metrics can be extracted is via the built-in MGR Prometheus Exporter module. While directory fragmentation enables CephFS to handle it, it is always going to be less efficient than splitting your files into more modest-sized directories. net/lists/ceph-users/msg76280. At the maximum, we observed a read throughput of 135MB/s and write throughput of 110MB/s (IO to a single drive). It has now been deprecated and replaced with a modern version in the Settings app, although it still exists as a legacy tool in … Every day and every week (deep), Ceph scrubs operations that, although they are throttled, can still impact performance. exe *. key,rsize=67108864 207 Likes, 4 Comments - Tungaloy UK (@tungaloyuk) on Instagram: "Happy Saturday everyone! Today, we’re excited to introduce you to our AddForceCut grooving to. Points to the ceph. If you don’t have a monitor quorum or if there … Juniper switch 10GB port. 0-liter V-6 turbo engine to . However, average read, write, … 1 day ago · Right click the Start button and open Settings. 1 day ago · Right click the Start button and open Settings. If a Ceph recovery / backfilling takes place due to a node or volume failure, you may want it to recover at maximum speed. Some examples of typical slowly changing dimensions are entities as names of geographical locations, customers, or products. The Savannah, Ga. Website. majian159 opened this issue on Aug 13, 2019 · 9 comments. . virtio-net and vhost-net can be used to virtualize guest network. Closed. Ceph (pronounced / ˈ s ɛ f /) is an open-source software-defined storage platform that implements object storage on a single distributed computer cluster and provides 3-in-1 interfaces for object-, block-and file-level storage. spitting out “Health check update: XX slow requests are blocked >30. CEPH was presented over iSCSI to VMware hosts. It greatly reduces latency and also improves performance at low io_depths. It reported . Ceph: 16. It can be seen that the gap between the write performance of ceph (106. During the test, the software requests a synchronization flag every time a write command occurs, which results in increased response time and delays the NFS data transfer. This is running Ceph Octopus. First thing to check is that you increased the OSD min ver. microsoft . NET applications. The ceph cluster built with three nodes will cause the disk read performance to drop by half and the write performance to drop by a quarter or more APPENDIX 1 - Some ssd benchmark results librbd plugin named persistent write log cache to reduce latency. This behavior is present on differnet pools and not only on Ceph, also this behaviour present on image mapped from node local storage device ssd. So total raw storage capacity of 72TB was deployed with CEPH. Ensure that Monitors are able to form a quorum. It seems to take an extremely long time (several minutes) to log in to OWA or the Admin Console. But i think this is not my current problem here. 6% and 37. Deploy an odd number of monitors (3 or 5) for quorum voting. CEPH deployment: We deployed a 3 server cluster at KVH with each server carrying 24TB (3x 8TB HDD) raw storage and 480GB SSD (for journaling). For this there are two options under Ceph, which one can … The general rule currently is: with Ceph it’s hard to achieve random read latencies below 0. The band first recorded the song in 1980 for a single on UK-based Stiff Records, and later rerecorded it for their debut album Beauty and the Beat on I. 0s) POST 1 day ago · Right click the Start button and open Settings. This combines fast storage with the slower spinning storage for lower latency applications. Thursday afternoon, Iron Mountain traded up fractionally at about 52. During our initial validations and evaluations of the cluster, we are reaching write speeds between 250-300MB/s, which would be the ballpark for this kind of setup for HDDs with the NVME as Rocks. Cluster connected 10Gbe. In this case, fio running on the VM can be tested in two ways such like a normal Ceph client uses: via librbd: fio provides rbd ioengine, which uses librbd . Here are some numbers you should test/have in mind for your own setup: # ping -c 100 IP of your ceph node. Here are some numbers you should test/have in mind for your own setup: # ping -c 100 IP of your ceph node Ran above ping test from one node to another. Bottom Line. Ceph demonstrated excellent thread scale-out ability on OLTP read performance on the AFA RA. 8. The focal point was the DRBD performance in different configurations and how they compared . ZFS results are noticeably worse. The first edition of the book was published on October 26, 1994 by HarperBusiness. No corruption was found. Also check that you've got V2 mon protocol enabled. Since a replication factor of 2 was used, 72TB of raw storage amounted … As shown in Chart 2, compared to the 7 RGW test, 14 RGW test yielded a 14% higher write performance, topping at ~6. Also, with the ceph kernel client, the performance is much better than going via the samba gateway - so this apparently isn't being bounded by network bandwidth. OS (e. You can accelerate a Ceph cluster by utilizing either NVMe or SSD storage in combination with an open-source caching tool called open-CAS-Linux. A running Ceph cluster; . The biggest outlier though was Total War Warhammer 3, which saw a whopping 28. As detailed in the first post the Ceph cluster was built using a single OSD (Object Storage Device) configured per HDD, having a total of 112 OSDs per Ceph … This can significantly improve performance and reduce the risk of encountering the N+1 problem. In general, ceph-disk list is quite slow on these 48­disk servers (compare with our 24­OSD machines, which never showed an issue). Name of the Ceph cluster. SAP System and SAP ASE database were restarted but that didn't resolve the performance issue. Keep in mind that the . cluster. The Carbon Technology creates power and speed and the ACS Technology increases control. Our business, located in Winder, GA, offers the luxury of having a motorcycle sales, service, parts, and accessories all in one convenient location. . Cisco sg350xg-24t switch, Intel Corporation Ethernet … When it comes to benchmarking the Ceph object gateway, look no further than swift-bench, the benchmarking tool included with OpenStack Swift. To do a write you need to compete the write to each copy of the journal - the rest can proceed asynchronously. The disk encryption can increase the time required from a few milliseconds to a hundred or more. [rbdtest] ioengine=rbd clientname=admin pool=rbd rbdname=test. Query was performed with table scan plan. 13. Even standard userspace tools can become quite slow when operating on very large directories. R. Ceph was designed to run on commodity hardware, which makes building and maintaining petabyte-scale data clusters economically feasible. on CephFS and RBD. you execute cephhealthor ceph-son the command line and Ceph shows HEALTH_OK, it means that the monitors have a quorum. Non-volatile memory (NVM) is a promising technology for low-energy and high-capacity main memory of computers. Near the bottom left, click the Windows Update section. www . Getting 100MB/s on data not in caches from hdd drives seems reasonable for a simplistic test (ie, one where you request a certain amount of data, wait for it to arrive, then read a bit more . 4-15) and we noticed a decay in performance whenever there is some heavy reading/writing. Scroll down to the Uninstall Updates section and click it. Important: Changing the parameters can . S. And please update to the latest packages, eg. Simultaneous OS operations and simultaneous requests for read and write operations from multiple daemons against a single drive can slow performance considerably. 0 on OSD1: Corrupt it by echoing garbage over the top of it: Now, tell Ceph to do a scrub on the PG that contains the object that we corrupted: If you check the Ceph status, you will see that Ceph has detected the corrupted object and marked the PG as inconsistent. Many clusters in production environments are deployed on hard disks. The --no-cleanup option is important to use when testing both read and write performance. Click Update History. ceph slow performance. This guide will show you how to configure your RBDs for the specific use case of VMware to improve performance. github. The Ceph Dashboard’s Block tab now includes a new Overall Performance sub-tab which displays an embedded Grafana dashboard of high-level RBD metrics. mount. Ensure that all healthy OSDs are up and in, and the backfilling and recovery processes are finished. For this there are two options under Ceph, which one can set with the data media (OSDs), so that these can accept and maximally process several Backfilling Requests at the same time. When planning out your cluster … Find this object on the disk on one of the OSD nodes; in this case, it is OSD. ibb. Scroll down to the Uninstall Updates … We are using Ubuntu 20. Ceph aims primarily for completely distributed operation without a single point of failure, scalability to the exabyte level, and … Yes, writes hit caches and can be async, whereas reads (at least large relevant read tests) needs to get actual data off the drives, and not from caches. Following is how the key syscalls of mysqld performed. -o name=cephfs,secretfile=secret. Once the RBD is created, move to the iSCSI tab, and edit the … CPU utilization on the Ceph Storage nodes is typically the limiting factor with Ceph small block performance. Folders do not open in Central Management Console (CMC) -> Version Management A spinning wheel appears, and the folder never opens If a load balancer having timeouts is in place, the following might be seen in a HTTP browser trace (HAR) (Aborted: 300. # ops” for every OSD. [prev in list] [next in list] [prev in thread] [next in thread] List: ceph-users Subject: [ceph-users] Unexpected slow read for HDD cluster (good write speed) From: . We used the bt_index_check function from the amcheck extension.


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